Introduction The Cholas belonged to one of the three mighty dynasties that ruled the Tamizh country in the early historical period. Described as the Muvendhar in the Sangam literature, they were known for the valour and for their patronage of the Tamil language. Many songs were composed in high praise of their glories. However, after […]

Adichanallur Adichanallur, 22 km from Tirunelveli, is located in Thoothukudi district. In 1876, a German ethnologist and naturalist, Andrew Jagor conducted an excavation at Adichanallur. He carried with him samples of backed earthenware, utensils of all sizes and shapes, a considerable number of iron weapons and implements, and great quantities of bones and skulls. These

Introduction 1. _________ provided Hinduism with a philosophic doctrine of Advaita. (a) Adi Sankara (b) Ramanuja (c) Ramananda (d) Chaitanya Ans: (a) Adi Sankara Bhakti Movement in the South Conflict with Buddhism & Jainism 2. _________ refers to the conflict between the orthodox Vedic sects and Shramanic sects (a) Ramayana (b) Bagavatha purana (c) Hagiographies

Introduction Sources Archaeological Numismatic Epigraphic Literary Classical Tamil Literature **Ettuthogai and Paththupattu collections have about 2400 poems. These poems, varying in length from 3 to 800 lines, were composed by Panar and pulavar. The Eight Anthologies are: 1. Natrinai; 2. Kurunthogai; 3. Aingurunuru; 4. Patitruppathu; 5. Paripadal; 6. Kalithogai; 7. Akananuru; 8. Purananuru. Paththupattu (Ten

Introduction Sources From Kuram Copper Plate : (Line 12). The grandson of Narasimhavarman (Parameshwaravarman), (who arose) from the kings of this race, just as the moon and the sun from the eastern mountain; who was the crest-jewel on the head of those princes, who had never bowed their heads (before); who proved a lion to

Political History of Tamil Nadu Compared with rest of India, Tamil Nadu has had a healthy administrative and political culture, more or less stable economic life, and continuity of traditions from the hoary past to the present. Madras Presidency of South India came into existence due to the administrative and political needs of the British.

Introduction On an average, 232 million people are affected by different types of disasters every year. In recent years disaster risks have been on the rise due to factors such as population growth, unplanned urbanization, environmental degradation, conflicts and competition for scarce resources, climate change, disease epidemics, poverty and pressure from development within high-risk zones.

Introduction You must have heard people, in the countryside, saying “When sheep collect and huddle, Tomorrow will puddle!” “If ants march in a straight line, expect rain” Phrases like ‘a cold morning’, ‘sunny day’, ‘cloudy day’ and rainy day refer to the weather. Weather refers to the state of atmosphere at a particular place at

Introduction The earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago. Geographers are concerned about the earth and its various spheres. These spheres did not exist on the primitive earth as they are today. They evolved over a long period of time after the earth was formed. There was no life on earth for a very long

Introduction “World cannot survive without water and morality cannot exist without rain” As thirukkural quotes, water is the most important resource in the world. Over 90% of the world’s supply of fresh water is in Antarctica. You must know that 85% of the world population lives in the driest half of the planet. Now we